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عمومی::
بینملیتی
Increasingly, production, and even research and development efforts are being carried out in cross-national cooper- ative efforts.
For example, in a cross-national industrial mail survey in 22 countries, response rates varied from 7.1% to 42.1% (Harzing, 2000).
Cross-national studies often involve surveying people with different native languages.
Contextual research is concerned with studying cross-national groups, or so-called 'pan-cultural' research.
Sampling objective Descriptive Examine attitudes Within-country Ability to estimate Probability within and behavior within representativeness sampling error each country specific countries Contextual Examine attributes Representatives of Ability to estimate Probability of a cross-national specifc population of sampling error sampling of group interest population of interest Comparative Examine differences Cross-national Homogeneous samples Nonprobability or similarities between comparability to control extraneous acceptable countries factors Theoretical Examine the cross- Cross-national Homogeneous, or Nonprobability national generalizability comparability deliberately sampled for acceptable of a theory or model heterogeneity Source: Reynolds et al.
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